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The Big Bang
Energy and mass
Let us accept that Einstein’s mass energy equivalence equation, E = mc2, is telling us that mass and energy are equivalent to each other but are measured in different units with a conversion constant = c2, which changes the measurement dimensions.
c has dimensions Length divided by Time.
So Energy has dimensions Mass x Length2 x Time-2.
That this is so, can also be seen in the classical physics equation for the potential energy, e, of a mass, m, raised to a height, h, above the earth against the acceleration due to gravity, g.
That is e = mgh.
Once again the dimensions of energy are seen to be Mass x (Length x Time-2 ) x Length.
Because mass and energy are effectively the same entity linked by a conversion constant I have taken the liberty of using the terms mass and energy interchangeably to facilitate concepts and calculations.
Gravitational fields
The presence of the gravitational constant, G, in the gravitational force equation,
F = Gm1m2d-2
is telling us that we are not measuring F, m, and d in fundamental Universe units.
The remaining terms tell us that the force is the product of the two gravitational fields generated by m1 and m2.
These are m1d-1 and m2d-1.
Hence the force is equal to the product of two fields each having the form of mass divided by distance.
Universe Creation
Let us postulate that in the beginning there was nothing, that energy and mass are interchangeable forms of the same entity, and that the sum total of the energy of the universe remains zero.
In order for this to be a credible theory every particle must have an anti-particle characterised by anti-charges, anti-energy, and an anti-gravity field associated with anti-mass.
In the same way that two particles having mass are attracted by gravity, two particles having anti-mass are attracted by anti-gravity , but a particle having mass is repelled by a particle having anti-mass due to the interaction of gravity and anti-gravity fields and the resultant generation of repulsive forces.
Consider the scenario where all the anti-energy has formed an anti-energy black hole at the center of a spherical shell of energy.
At this moment the effective energy is equivalent to a mass of matter of M kg and the anti-energy is equivalent to an anti-mass of antimatter of M kg. This is effectively a universe with total energy of zero.
Although there is no matter at this stage it is easier to model this system by representing the energy as particles and defining their mass so that the classical mechanics theory of gravitational interactions can be used to demonstrate the origin of the Big Bang. For the quantum mechanical analysis of these ideas you need to talk to someone who understands the theory. I’m not sure if you’ll find such a person so you for now you will just have to put up with my rough and ready musings on the subject.
Imagine a spherical shell of matter surrounding a ball of anti-matter.
Let us define the number of particles of matter as n.
The average mass of each particle is Mn-1 kg.
If the radius of a sphere occupied by matter is r meters,
then the circumference of the sphere is 2r meters,
and the surface area of the sphere is 4r2 square meters
Assuming the particles of matter are evenly spread over the surface of the sphere,
each one occupies an area of 4r2n-1 square meters.
Imagine the area occupied by each particle is square,
then the distance between particles is √(4r2n-1) = 21/2rn-1/2 meters.
Since the circumference of the sphere is 2r,
the number of particles around it is,
N = 2r / 21/2rn-1/2,
= 1/2n1/2.
The total mass of the particles around the circumference is,
Mcirc = N x Mn-1,
= 1/2n1/2 x Mn-1,
= 1/2n-1/2M kg.
The gravitational force between two rings of particles at the circumference is given by Newton's law as
F = Gm1m2r-2.
In our case the circumferential force,
Fcirc = G(1/2n-1/2M)2 / (21/2rn-1/2)2,
= ¼GM2r-2 Newtons.
This force is being opposed by the anti-gravity field of the central core effectively creating an internal pressure on the outer shell.
Now the number of particles per square meter of shell is,
Y = 1 / (4r2n-1),
= ¼ -1r-2n.
The mass of particles per square meter of shell is thus,
Z = ¼ -1r-2n x Mn-1,
= ¼ -1r-2M kg.
Thus the pressure force within the shell is,
Fpress = G(¼ -1r-2M)Mr-2
= ¼ G-1r-4M2 Newtons/square meter.
The area defined by the circumference circle of the shell is,
A = r2.
The pressure force over this area opposes Fcirc .
This force is,
Farea = AFpress,
= r2 x (¼ G-1r-4M2),
= ¼ GM2r-2 Newtons.
Now Farea = Fcirc which implies that there is no residual force to create a big bang expansion of the universe.
However if gravity is a field produced by energy rather than matter then the anti-energy concentrated at the centre forms a black hole of anti-energy. This is surrounded by a shell of energy which is highly unstable. Any slight disturbance in the energy density of the shell will break the shell bonding forces and immediately allow the repulsive force of the gravity / anti-gravity interaction to produce a violent expansion of the energy shell.
The inflation period when the universe was expanding at an almost infinite speed is fully in line with this theory as is the currently observed accelerating expansion.
This then seems to be a good candidate for the Big Bang.
As yet there is no proof of the validity of these ideas. However, if it can be demonstrated that particles and anti-particles exert mutually repulsive gravitational forces upon each other this would lend weight to these ideas. For the moment CERN’s Alpha experiments offer the best chance of discovering the properties of anti-matter particles.
Anyway I feel a whole lot better for getting this idea out of my head.
Enjoy life,
John Shipton - Exeter
21 October 2014
